Concrete, cement, and the like, and the process of making the same



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CQATING OR PLASTIC Patented Dec. 14, 1943 UNITED STATES Examiner PATENTOFFICE CONCRETE, CEMENT THE PROCESS OF John V. Drummon AND THE LIKE, ANDMAKING THE SAME d, Washington, D. C.

My invention relates to an admixture for con,- crete cement mortar andthe like, and the admixture is of such a nature that sea or oceanwatencan be utilized as the wetting agent for mixing the concrete mixand t e admixture together.

When the admixture is added to a concrete mix, sea or ocean water can beemployed as a vehicle 1;wetting agent for mixing the concrete mix andthe admixtuIrtogether because the admixture neutralizes or stabilizesthe salts groups of the sea water.

Sea or ocean water has not heretofore been successfully used in makingconcrete because of the excessive amounts of the salts groups therein.

The chemical reactions of the admixture in concrete mixes and the like,where more or less pure water is used as the vehicle or wetting agentfor mixing, are set forth in my pending application. Ser. No. 305,550filed November 21, 1939.

The admixture consists of a group of com; pounds of inorganic, activematerials'which when integrally mixed in concrete mixes combines withthe excess water remaining after hydration of "the cement to form a hardinsoluble substance which decreases the permeability and seals the ll1$0f the concrete thus making the concrete impervious to capillary water.

The admixture in solution when added to a concrete mix combines with thefree lime at 1 calcium of the cement to neutralize the action of the tricalciur'n group:gf saltsjwhichare present during hydration. This actionstabilizes the salts group so as to render the concrete resistant toacids, alkalies, oils, greases, etc.

It is also an object of the invention to produce a composition of matterwhich when admixed with concrete, mortar or the like, will chemicallyreact with the cement of the concrete and the 40 like to produceconcrete the voids of which have been sealed to a maximum and as aresult the concrete has been made waterproof.

It is a further object of this invention to provide a novel compositionof matter adapted to be mixed with concrete and wherein the strength andplastic workability of the concrete is increased without the change ofthe water ratios.

It is a further object of this invention to compound a composition ofmatter which when admixed with concrete, will produce a concrete whichbetter resists the weather cycles such as high and l o1 te np e 13turefreezing, thawing, and the like than any of the prior concretes.

The admixture comprises s qdium silicate, calcium chloride, potassiumalum (potassium aluminum sulfate), and diatomaceous earth. All of theseelements are ground to a fine powder and mixed with Portland cement orits equivalent when the cement is to be added to a concrete mixture.

The critical percentages of my composition or admixture by weight to theamount of cement 5 is as follows:

Diatomaceous earth 1% Aluminum hydroxide It is necessary to use threeand one-half per cent (B of the admixture by weight to the amount ofcement used in such mixtures of concrete as the 1-2-4; 1-1-2; 1-3-5, orother'sim iar mixes.

It has been found possible to obtain very good results with thecomposition by using a range of one per cent (1%) to three per cent (3%)of so- 4%) to one-half per cent 5%) of calcium .one per cent (1%) ofpotassium alum; a range of one-half per cent [72%) to three per cent(3%) of diatomaceous earth; and a range of Onefourth per cent 4 a oneper cent (1%) of aluminum hydroxide. Sodium silicate, calcium chloride,potassium alum (potassium aluminum sulfate) and diatomaceous earth arethe ingredients which give the best results in an admixture which is tobe added to a concrete mix.

It may be found at times that the concrete does not require the aluminumhydroxide and it 5 can be eliminated at such times from the compositionof matter. It has also been found t bauxi may be used instead ofaluminum ydroxide and concrete is produced which can meet certain needs.Instead of diatomaceous earth it is possible to use aluminum silicate(kaolin) or other earth silica and obtain very goo recults in aconcrete.

In the group of compounds which are employed by me in the novelcomposition of matter which is adapted to be added to a concrete mix,the sodium silicate calcium chloride,diatomaceous earth, and potassiumalum in solution chemically reacts with the cement of the concrete mixand this reaction between the composition of matter and the cement ofthe concrete mix endium silicate; a range of one-fourth per centchloride; a range of one-fourth per cent A%) to larges or increases thecrystalline growth of the cement, and the 1tystalsnnt-t-lae-eement--being more firmly inter ocked or bondedtogether. a greater tensile and compressive strength is added to theconcrete. The composition of matter after reacting with the cement ofthe concrete mix and having increased the crystalline growth of thecement it will seal the voids of the cement. The expansive action orgrowth of the crystals of the cement takes place after initial hydrationof the cement. The calcium chloride in the composition accelerates tfies'ettiiig of the ocment. The diatomaceous earth in the composition andin combination with the concrete mix is an emulsifying agent. That is,the diatomaceous earth increases the workability of the concrete mix andinsures a homogeneous mass, wherein all of the elements are distributedhomogeneously throughout the concrete. The aluminum hydroxide is anagent to further increase- Ilia sealing of the porosity of the cementand the mechanical voids of the concrete. Sea or ocean water can be usedas the wetting agent and the (Ei'npounds of the admix't'ffie' w'ifi havethe same reactions as when more or less pure waierjs used as the wettingagent.

When sea or ocean water, due to the excessive amounts of the saltsgroups in the same, especially sodium chloride and magnesium sulphate,has been used in making concrete, mortar or the like, the concrete didnot obtain very great strength or bond, and as a result the concrete wassugary and broke up. Now with the admixture added to the concrete mix,when se water is employed, the admixture stabilizes or neutralizes thesalts groups in the seawater and the resulting concrete has a greatertensile and compressive strength than concretes which use sea waterwithout the admixture having been added thereto.

There are concrete constructions, where it is almost. impossible or tooexpensive to obtain more or less pure water, such as sea walls, docksand the like, which are constructed near the ocean. The admixture beingadded to the concrete mix, sea water can be utilized without having anydeleterious effect on the concrete.

The use of the admixture consisting of sodium silicate, calciumchloride, potassium alum, and diatomaceous earth with concrete mixeswherein sea water is the wetting agent, the resulting concrete has agreater bond, greater tensile and compressive strength, is more acid andwater proof than concretes which employ sea water without the additionof the admixture to the concrete mix. The range of the compounds of theadmixture when added to a concrete mix which employs sea or ocean wateras the wetting agent, results in different kinds of concrete, which arerequired for the varied scope of concretes used in constructions.

What I claim is:

1. The method of making a cementitious composition which comprlsesadding to a concrete mix including Portland cement, a mixture of 1 4% byweight tram-sum to the weight of the cement, /z% oimlgmuhlorideby weightto the weight of the cement, by weight of potassium alum to the weightof the cement, 1%% by weight of diatomaceous earth to the weight of thecement, and the requisite sea water.

2. The method of making a cementitious composition which comprisesadding to a. concrete mix including Portland cement, a range of 1% to 3%by weight of sodium silicate to the weight of the cement used, a rangeof to /2% by weight of calcium chloride to the weight of the cement, arange of V to 1% by weight of potassium alum to the weight of thecement, a range of to 3% by weight of diatomaceous earth to the weightof the cement, and the requisite sea water.

3. A cementitious composition comprising a concrete mix includingPortland cement, 1%% by weight of sodium silicate to the weight of thecement, /2% of calcium chloride by weight to the weight of the cement,/z% by weight of potassium alum to the weight of cement, 1%% by weightof diatomaceous earth to the weight of cement, and the requisite seawater.

4. A cementitious composition comprising a concrete mix includingPortland cement, a range of 1 to 3% by weight of sodium silicate to theweight of cement used, a range of to /z% by weight of calcium chlorideto the weight of the cement, a range of A to 1% by weight of potassiumalum to the weight of cement, a range of /2 to 3% by weight ofdiatomaceous earth to the weight of cement, and the requisite sea water.

5. A cementitious composition comprising a concrete mix includingPortland cement, 1 4% by weight of sodium silicate to the weight of thecement, of calcium chloride by weight to the weight of the cement, /2%by weight of potassium alum to the weight of the cement, l%% by weightof diatomaceous earth to the weight of the cement, /2% by weight ofaluminum hydroxide to the weight of the cement, and the requisite seawater.

6. A cementitious composition comprising a concrete mix includingPortland cement, a range of 1% to 3% by weight of sodium silicate to theweight of the cement, a range of 4% to A% by weight of calcium chlorideto the weight of the cement, a range of 4% to 1% by weight of potassiumalum to the weight of the cement, a. range of to 3% by weight ofdiatomaceous earth to the weight of the cement, a range of to 1% ofaluminum hydroxide, and the requisite sea water.

7. A cementitious composition comprising a concrete mix includingPortland cement, 1%% by weight of sodium silicate to the weight of thecement, /2% of calcium chloride by weight to the weight of the cement,/z% by weight of potassium alum to the weight of the cement, 1%% byweight of diatomaceous earth to the weight of the cement, /2% by weightof bauxite to the weight of the cement, and the requisite sea water.

8. A cementitious composition comprising a concrete mix includingPortland cement, a range of 1% to 3% by weight of sodium silicate to theweight of the cement, a range of A% to by weight of calcium chloride tothe weight of the cement, a range of to 1% by weight of potassium alumto the weight of the cement, a range of A,% to 3% by weight ofdiatomaceous earth to the weight of the cement, a range of 4% to 1% ofbauxite by weight to the weight of the cement, and the requisite seawater.

JOHN V. DRUMMOND.

